Author and documentarian Laurent Bouzereau

LAURENT BOUZEREAU: THE ART OF THE DOCUMENTARY by Peter M. Bracke - November 11, 1999

About The Interview: If you are at all familiar with the laserdisc and DVD "special edition" as we know it, and even if you've never heard of the name Laurent Bouzereau, you have most certainly seen his work. In just a few short years, the independent documentarian has amassed an impressive body of work, and gone behind-the-scenes with some the world's leading filmmakers, including Alfred Hitchcock, Steven Spielberg, George Lucas, Martin Scorcese, Brian De Palma and many others. The list is as long as it is impressive: Jaws, Close Encounters Of The Third Kind, Rear Window, American Graffiti, Cape Fear, Scarface, The Big Chill, Taxi Driver, Carrie, The Last Picture Show and Silverado are just a few of the the highly-regarded laserdisc and DVD special editions Mr. Bouzereau has helped create.

In addition, he is also a successful author, including what is widely considered to be the best analysis of the work of Brian De Palma yet written, The De Palma Cut, as well as The Cutting Room Floor, which examines the often-controversial process of the reediting of motion pictures. Other recent books include The Alfred Hitchcock Quote Book and Star Wars: The Annotated Screenplays. By drawing upon his experience within the industry of film production and distribution, as well as his work as a journalist and author, Mr. Bouzereau has successfully added his considerable perspective to the art of the documentary with tremendous success.

So when we here at DVDFILE.COM began to plan the next part of our Production A To Z series on the DVD creative process, one of the topics we wanted to explore was the process of crafting a documentary. Just how are these projects planned, prepared and executed? What extensive research is required? What of the logistics and the editing of interviews and production footage? In short, just how are these documentaries put together?

Of course, after deciding to explore this topic, one name kept popping up on our wish list for an interview: Laurent Bouzereau. It was then a great pleasure (and surprise) that he accepted our invite, soon after which we sat down to talk about his art and craft, as well as discussing the DVD format in general. So, here is our complete interview with Laurent Bouzereau.

DVDFILE: Let's start at the beginning of your career in the documentary field. Though you now reside here in the United States, you were born and raised in France before emigrating. Did your work in the film industry coincide with your arrival in America?

Laurent Bouzereau: Not really. It was 17 or 18 years ago. It was kinda weird. My dad met a producer on a plane and she was an independent producer and was doing low-budget horror films at the time. She's not doing that anymore, now she's was just a rich lady! My dad told her "my kid wants to be in the film industry" and I was like 19 or 20, and she said, "send him over."

So I went to New York and I worked there and I just would go back and forth for like two or three years. Just go to New York, then back to France, then back again, and eventually I just moved there. And it was a great time.

DF: Being nosy, I must ask, who was the "rich lady"? (laughs)

LB: She had a horror movie called "The Returning" with Susan Strasberg. It's absolutely horrible! I really don't remember her name at the moment, but it was a great experience. I went to the Montreal Film Festival with it and I set it up with a distributor that took it on and sold it to a lot of foreign countries. Video was really big then so they sold it that way. That was really great experience.

Eventually I became a journalist for French film magazines. One was called L'Ecran Fantastique, it's like Cinefantastique (a U.S. genre magazine), only it's been around for a long time in France. In fact, they used to have their own film festival. The guy who created the magazine was responsible for launching a lot of stuff like Evil Dead in France and Brian De Palma's Sisters and stuff like that. I worked for another magazine called Globe, which is like Vanity Fair, well, at least trying to be! (laughter) So this whole experience was kinda cool and sorta opened my eyes to meeting new people, being on movie sets and all that stuff.

The Criterion Collection Laserdisc of Carrie features a commentary by Bouzereau, which would become the first of his many projects

DF: As a kid were you always into movies? Is that always what you wanted to do?

LB: Oh yeah, I was a major film geek. Collecting movie posters and the whole bit. I'd say that my favorite stuff were mainly things like Jaws, Close Encounters, Raiders Of The Lost Ark, and I had a major Brian De Palma fixation. I mean, like, major.

DF: And you ended up writing your first book about him, The De Palma Cut. I'm not trying to kiss ass here, but that was actually the first book I read when I got to film school, so it truly has a special place in my heart! Anyway, it was after you wrote your book, The De Palma Cut, that you connected with Criterion to do the commentary for the Carrie laserdisc. So, is it far to say that that was your introduction into the documentary field?

LB: Yeah. The Carrie laserdisc is what really got me started in that whole field. At the time, I had just moved to L.A. and was working in feature development for Bette Midler at Disney. And I read in the trades that Criterion was doing Carrie, so I called them up and said, "I have a bunch of pictures if you guys want to use them." They said, "Oh my god, we just bought your book and we were going to try and find you!" So that was really cool.

DF: It is interesting as well that this was back in the early 90's, before the studios were really doing "special editions" as we know them...

LB: Yes, definitely. It was really a small market, and actually I had just bought a laserdisc player. That was a great experience, though I don't think it's very good in retrospect, the commentary. It would have been better to have Brian De Palma talk...

DF: I thought it was very good, and many fans wished MGM would have used it for the disappointing DVD edition they put out last year...

LB: I have a hard time looking back at that stuff when you know what you could do today. But it was fun, a great experience. It was all scripted so I had to read it to the picture basically. I had rehearsed it and timed it, so a lot of work went into it. I know Lawrence D. Cohen is also talking, but the core of the commentary is my speech. And there was a solid hour and a half of it, so that was a big challenge. I really took it very seriously.

DF: Then after the experience with Carrie you got more involved with laserdiscs. You then went on to do Jaws and others for Universal...

LB: Actually, that was much later. What happened was, I did a laserdisc called Blackmail, the Hitchcock movie, for Criterion. I knew the screenwriter of Blackmail, Charles Bennett (who has since passed away). A friend of mine was going to do a remake of Blackmail for Fox, and they had a really big friendship and stuff, so I did that with the two of them and that was really fun. And it was then then that Universal contacted me to do 1941.

DF: So, they came to you? Is that usually how a project originates, or do you usually go to the studio with an idea?

LB: Well, sort of a mix, really. I met Colleen Benn (Universal's head of Laserdisc production, now DVD) at one of those Dave's Studio Day things and I spoke to her and said, "I really like 1941." Somebody from Criterion recommended me to Marty Cohen, the head of postproduction at Amblin. And then Colleen said "I met Laurent" And that's how it sorta worked out. A couple good connections and then...

DF: Voila! In the laserdisc departments, it seems they weren't as big as they are today for DVD?

LB: Pretty much. Actually, it is interesting, I was contacted to do 1941 before Jaws, though they came out in a different order. Things had to get put on hold (for 1941) because there were some technical issues with the reediting of the longer cut, so I had to get another job (laughter). Actually, with an EPK (Electronic Press Kit, or featurette) company. And I did the behind-the-scenes stuff for the movie "Alive." I only cut the material, did a couple featurettes. So that was really a kind of cool diversion.

DF: And good preparation for the more extensive documentaries to come?

LB: Yes, sure. So while waiting to do 1941, I ended up doing feature development for ZM Productions, the company that had done "Encino Man" and had a feature deal at Disney.

DF: Did you have any input into the recutting of 1941?

LB: The cut was being established before my involvement, it was something they had been doing already. I didn't have much say in that though I was kind of a consultant on the cut. Only by virtue that I had done so much research on the film.

DF: When you talk about research, where do you generally start, are there set steps you follow?

LB: Well, I would say that the different steps...there are several areas to check. I do a lot of research, that's my favorite part of what I do. Digging things up, retracing the history of a movie. Then consulting with the director, what does he want to do? And you have to look at your budget...

Bouzereau has become the leading documentarian of the films of Steven Spielberg, including features on E.T., 1941, Jaws and Close Encounters

DF: That is a very oft-asked questions among consumers. There are often misconceptions that the budgets are often higher than they really are...

LB: I think you can do (pause)...I don't know how to phrase this. It's not about the money for me. Sometimes I'll take a pay cut so I can do what I really want, so it's like...if you really want to do something, you'll get it done. You'll make special deals with post houses. There are ways to make it work.

DF: So, you often use your own resources or wherewithal, like you mentioned with making deals with post houses, for example, and not just let the studio handle it all?

LB: Sometimes, but in general, I would say that the studios are really very supportive. Even back with Laserdisc. Look at Universal. They're very supportive, they really let me be creative. They always give me good feedback, and there's really never been a case when they got in the way or tried to stop me. It was very different from what I had experienced in feature development, where it was a lot more difficult and I was extremely disenchanted with the business.

DF: Getting back to the research phase, what do you do, conceptually and in pure physical terms, to prepare a project?

LB: In terms of research, I think that I look at the movie over and over. I break it down by scenes, I try to break into sequences. For Jaws, I created a bible of literally everything there is to know about that movie. It's thick, it's huge! I go back and read all the articles written on the movie. I reread the novel, read all the drafts of the screenplay. Compare the novel to the screenplay. Then I had to research with Universal Editorial where you find the trims, trailers. They give you access to that. There are boxes that are coded with deleted scenes.

DF: Though I'm sure every project is different, generally how long do you allow for the research phase of a project?

LB: I used to have 6 months to do a project from beginning to end. Now that's a lot shorter actually. Sometimes it's 4 months. The Taxi Driver DVD was 4 months. And these shortened production schedules can be very stressful. It is often even more difficult with older films and short preproduction times, because the directors or whomever often haven't thought about the movie in 20 years or more. So, you have to sort of be their memory for them. So many times I interview people and they're like, "I don't remember the movie at all." So, you'll say something and trigger a memory.

I can relate, because not to compare myself to those great people, but I forget everything I've done, too! But if you say something like you said earlier, I'm like "oh yeah, I remember Carrie." But you don't think of it at the time often. It's a very important aspect, to know the subject inside and out and be prepared. If you're in front of the talent and they say, "Shit, what was the name of the Director Of Photography on that movie?" If you don't know that, you're gonna miss out. You really really have to be prepared and educate yourself on those movies. Which is a pleasure when it's a movie you really love. There's no limit to what you want to find out. Anyway, as that's going on, I also have to start tracking down talent.

DF: It must be a daunting task contacting casts and crews and scheduling it all.

LB: You can go through SAG (the Screen Actors Guild) and things like that. Also, I usually have all the call sheets (cast lists used in film production) from the time they made the movie. So, I track down people through family members and things like that. For example, The Last Picture Show was a tough one but we got nearly everyone. Or, on something like Jaws, it was very easy with big actors like Richard Dreyfuss and Roy Scheider, but it's hard when you get to the first victim...

DF: Susan Backlinie, who also had a cameo in 1941.

LB: Yes, that's her! Actors are all usually working so you have to coordinate production tightly. I can't even tell you - sometimes it takes weeks to find people., But, I get a lot of support from the studio, but still I have do everything on my own.

DF: So once you have all the principals you want, or can get, do you actually direct the interviews?

LB: Yeah, I'll design the shots and do the interviews, which actually is not very complicated. I usually just put a movie poster behind them. (laughs)

DF: You know, that brings up an interesting question. I noticed that some recent documentaries are getting more and more elaborate in terms of the backgrounds they use. I keep hoping someone will put George Lucas in front of one of those cheesy Sears backgrounds with Jar Jar on it! (laughs) Anyway, have you seen The Exorcist documentary on the Warner disc? They used some pretty elaborate projections of stills from the movie behind the actors.

LB: Those backgrounds were a little weird to me. The BBC did that, right?

DF: Yeah.

LB: They have a very interesting style, though I can't say is my style. I find it a little forced you know. I'm always baffled with the kind of ideas they come up with. It's just a little distracting. I've got to say that the 1941 and Jaws discs were designed in a very different way from the way I do things now.

DF: How have they changed?

LB: They weren't as edited. More thematically classified memories, if you will. You give the impression of sitting down with Steven Spielberg. It's not so manipulated or constructed...

DF: The idea back then was to be as long as you could be, in a way...to just do more "talking heads" and like you say, simply present memories...

LB: I think with all the supplemental material on Jaws, you could easily spend two hours and a half going through it, easy. But it's important - it's probably the last time it is going to be done like that.

DF: Yeah, and I know we're all looking forward to that on DVD whenever it finally shows up. Anyway, speaking of Steven Spielberg, does he say "we're only going to talk within my defined parameters," or does he just let you ask away?

LB: I can't say I've had any bad experiences with anybody. With Steven, there's never been a case when he didn't remember anything but there's been times when I heard something about a movie and he said it's not true or didn't really happen. You know there's a lot of legends built around those movies. You grow up thinking things that aren't true, so you set the record straight. But he especially has a great memory for his career.

DF: Are there ever any problems with hesitancy on part of actors/directors to get involved?

LB: No. Sometimes people say "I didn't do a lot on this movie, what do you want me for?," so it's my job to then convince them to do it. It's always out of modesty or shyness that they don't want to do it. There are some movies where I knew people didn't get along, but I don't go there. I don't take that approach or open up that can of worms. I service the director and the studio and my goal is to offer to them first a document on their picture. I'm not out to do something controversial and rip open doors that have been sealed for years. I'm only interested in the learning experience, the filmmaking experience. I'm not interested in scandalous stories, and I think I'm different from a lot of people in that respect. A lot of people are always looking for scandal. Even in real life.

DF: Perhaps that's why you've been trusted by people like Spielberg to do, what, three or four documentaries of his films now? But getting back to wrangling talent, is it ever daunting pulling it all together? For example, American Graffiti must have been...

LB: Making Graffiti was fun, it was really great. Real support from George Lucas. I gotta tell you, it's nothing to do with my talent as a person to get those people, it has to do with the fact that I'm working on a film that's a legend, a movie that changed cinema history and the life of those people. And they're still all friends. If you say "I'm calling on behalf of George" or whatever, they're not going to say no! They're going to do it because they love him and they want to make a contribution to the history of their career and their career with him.

DF: Once you are done collecting all the interviews, is it tough deciding what should stay and what must go out?

LB: I get transcriptions of all my interviews and then I read through them and do a "papercut," and then I give that to my editor and he does a first assembly on video. Once he's had a chance to do it, we watch it together and decide where we have structural problems, need changes, make things shorter, etc. So after that there's a whole period for the editor by himself, I let him do his job on his own where he'll take my notes and do a new cut. Then I'll come in again, and this is the most crucial part, so I'll spend more time in the editing room as it comes to its completion.

DF: One of the most interesting aspects to me is the editing of the piece, how you organize it and put it all together. Since you usually have production footage, behind-the-scenes clips and such, how do you integrate this with the interviews? In other words, do you arrange the interviews around the footage, or the other way around?

LB: No, no, I always use the interviews as your guide. The speech is what guides the material. I've always decided not to have narration. It brings in a third-party party, or extra information. I feel I should just be a go-between for the third party watching it, you know. So I feel that the interviews are the guide. Luckily I know what footage I have in advance and I get them to comment on it. All I have to do is illustrate their comments.

DF: One nice things I've noticed about your work is that you don't try to apologize, so to speak, for the "talking heads" by needlessly cutting to scenes from the movie for no reason other than you feel the audience will be bored by watching someone share something interesting.

LB: Everything has to do with the style of how you want to do things. I tend to force my editors not to cut just because they feel it's too long - only cut or illustrate if it needs it. I try to shoot subjects well, have them look good. Especially since some of them aren't going to be around much longer. Like the old movie stars talking about Hitchcock. These are precious moments.

DF: How do you approach a project where most of the principals are deceased, as opposed to something where everything is still alive? Like, for example, the upcoming documentary you did for Hitchcock's The Birds?

LB: It's a real problem! (laughter) You try to find crew members, those connected with the production or who will have an interesting viewpoint. With The Birds, luckily everyone is still around except for Hitchcock. The set designer, Tippi Hedren, Veronica Cartwright, Rod Taylor, Susan Pleshette. With Rear Window, on the other hand, everyone's dead. So, I often try to interview filmmakers, critics and others who were influenced by the movie. Obviously, you're not going to get as many stories when people aren't around.

On Rear Window, we talked about the restoration that Robert Harris and Jim Katz did. I got some behind the stories stories, we also interviewed Robin Wood (a noted author and film historian), as well as Peter Bogdanovich and Curtis Hanson. They have new stories to tell - and if they don't, I'll give them the stories. (laughter)

DF: Conversely, there is the other end of the spectrum, the kinds of documentaries or featurettes that are done during or near the time of production. Is it more of challenge to dissect a film so close to its inception? Does it help to have more of a historical perspective for your kind of work?

LB: I've done a couple of those, and I've just done one now for Snow Falling On Cedars, which is actually worse because the movie isn't even out yet! I don't know...you don't get the same perspective, which is true. But, you have easier access to the people since they're right in the middle of it.

DF: Do you have a preference?

LB: It depends. With Snow Falling Cedars I followed the producers Frank Marshall and Kathy Kennedy, with whom I've worked on the E.T. And The Lost World special editions (both of which remain unreleased on DVD). So I got to go on the set and follow the production. But my preference is to do it after the fact and get a little more of a perspective.

DF: Since you began in laserdisc, have you noticed any big changes that have taken place as a result of the changeover to DVD?

LB: I haven't seen changes in terms of me, really. I approach it, well, I'm not involved or interested in all the menus and crap. I just do the documentary. I don't care about the packaging. I'm not very creative that way so I wouldn't know where to begin anyway.

DF: That is a valid point, in that some recent releases seem more interested in cool menus than making a good documentary that works as a cohesive whole. As a fan and a historian, do you fear that already there is too much focus being placed on the bells and whistles?

LB: That is one concern I definitely have. It's about how many features you can put on but when the smoke clears, it's about nothing. That's a little dangerous. The thing that's really...I have to remember it's a very new technology and is catered to people into a new thing. It's very legitimate to try new things, and I want as many people to convert to DVD, so I'm not against any that. It's just not my thing. It's the old "don't judge a book by its cover." But it doesn't really affect me personally or creatively, just as a consumer.

The other thing that has changed I think, aside from the fact that I have a lot more work now that there's DVD, is that a lot more people see my work. Doing the laserdiscs, I didn't really know if people were seeing it. You want to share your passion and not think it's only being done for just a few people. It's fun to know that stuff's really getting out there. It's getting huge.

DF: One topic I wanted to briefly touch upon in regards to the success of DVD is that it seems, to me anyway, that studios are becoming more and more interested in adding features to all sorts of older titles. You mentioned to me before this interview an interesting situation with the upcoming releases of both versions of Cape Fear. I thought it was interesting that one release seemed to "bleed over" the other. I thought it would be interesting to talk about that and...

LB: Well, I'll tell you what happened. I was not going to do a documentary on the old Cape Fear then I interviewed J. Lee Thompson, the director, and I was like "Oh, this guy is amazing!." The interview was so great that I just said (to Universal) that I'll just do a little half hour thing on it. Then I got the go-ahead to talk to Gregory Peck as well. It's only half-hour, it's not a huge thing.

DF: But it is great that a studio would be willing to add features to something that didn't originally have any planned. Anyway, going back to the topic of bells and whistles and the interactive capabilities of the format, I reread your book The Cutting Room Floor again recently, and you talk a lot about the impact the MPAA has had on filmmaking. Censorship in America is a big concern for you, do you think DVD may help or hinder the situation? For example, DVD has the capability, though it is rarely exploited, to offer different cuts of a film or an R-rated or Unrated version of a film...

LB: I think it's really important to have a rating system as a guide to parents. The rating system in France, for example, is a lot more strict. But I'm also for freedom of speech. Brian De Palma and directors like him that push the envelope can be really suggestive, so it's great if filmmakers can have this alternate venue to present their original vision. They can show what they intended before economical factors came in. But I'm completely pro MPAA and ratings.

DF: I've noticed in your work that you tend to focus on documentaries and not really audio commentaries. Do you have something against commentaries? (laughter)

LB: Not really! (laughs) I think that I'm just personally more comfortable with doing visual interviews. The documentaries were so thorough that it would be redundant to have a commentary.

DF: Many have hoped that someday Spielberg would do a commentary. Did you every approach him on any of your projects to do a commentary?

LB: Really, it just never came up. I think they're (commentaries) are great when you don't have a documentary. But if at one point a filmmaker said to me "I don't want to do a documentary," I would definitely do a commentary. In some cases, I've done both, like on The Mask of Zorro.

DF: Also the upcoming new version of Conan The Barbarian, which features a documentary and a new commentary with Arnold Schwarznegger and John Milius. It is Mr. Schwarznegger's first one, I think...

LB: You guys will love the documentary and the commentary, is so funny. It's amazing. He's a great guy.

DF: Was it hard getting him to talk, or should I say understanding him? (laughs)

LB: No, no! He was so excited to do it. He's great. Also, for Eyes of Laura Mars I did a commentary with (director) Irvin Kershner. That's something I really wanted to do because of Kershner, he's a great guy.

DF: He's also responsible for directing the only good Star Wars movie, The Empire Strikes Back. It would be great to have a commentary on that!

LB: I did one...but just for me.

DF: Really!?

LB: I recorded him watching the movie with me. He came to my house and I have it on MiniDisc. We just talked about the movie. I did it for my book (Star Wars: The Annotated Screenplays) - I went to his house and interviewed him. He was just so great. And I asked him to come over and watch the movie with me. I had bagels and stuff.

DF: Ewok-shaped bagels, I hope? (laughs) Which version of the film?

LB: It was the old version. Definitely. So I have a commentary...sort of. It was really fun, really great!

DF: I think you should sell it on eBay and retire! (laughs) You just mentioned The Mask Of Zorro a bit ago, which is funny because that special edition disc has come out in Europe but not here in the US Actually, a lot of the stuff you've done for laserdisc is starting to come out on DVD. Do you ever get asked to redo it or update it?

LB: If they ask me to sort of refresh it for DVD, I would be thrilled to redo it, but it hasn't happened yet. It's so much fun to revisit the projects, especially on those movies. I'm pleased that 1941 came out the way it did. I didn't even some of my other stuff was was coming out till you said it earlier in the interview. I would be thrilled to revisit it if they wanted me too.

DF: If you had an unlimited budget to do any project for DVD, what would it be?

LB: Well, I've realized a lot of dream projects: Jaws, 1941, Close Encounters, E.T., Taxi Driver, Carrie. The Godfather. All those movies were a dream come true for me. And now Hitchcock's Psycho, The Birds, Rear Window and soon Marnie. Another is Play Misty for Me, which I'm doing now for Universal. I haven't met Clint yet, but I just can't wait!

As for movies that I wish I worked on that other people did? I would say the James Bond movies. I'm really sad that I've never connected with anybody, because, well, as I was a kid, I was on the set of Moonraker and I'm still friends with some of the James Bond girls and am a huge James Bond fan. I wish I had a chance to work on those. Sometimes stuff is released that makes me sad. Coma, I'm a huge fan of those 70s movies, or things like The Omega Man, those didn't have any added features. They are projects I wish could have reinvented.

DF: Well, to wind this down and before we must go, I must mention De Palma. Congratulations are in order since you are such a scholar on De Palma, and you are getting to do another De Palma documentary, for Columbia's Obsession.

LB: I'm doing the DVD for Obsession, yes. Very fitting, I guess, given my De Palma "obsession"!

DF: Did you get to interview De Palma for the DVD?

LB: Oh yeah. I wouldn't have done it without him. There are movies where if you don't get the director, you might as well not do it.

DF: Was it nerve-racking the first time you interviewed him (for the Laserdisc and DVD of Scarface)?

LB: Well, I've known him for sometime. The first time I met him was when I first moved to New York and I was hanging out with an actress who worked with him in the early days. She was in Hi Mom and Greetings (two early De Palma films) and she was the voice of the answering service in Dressed to Kill. Her name was Rutanya Alda, and she knew Brian, and her husband was an actor also, Richard Bright, who was in the Godfather, Marathon Man.

They introduced me to Brian one night at a screening in New York. And I was completely ga-ga! It took me sometime to get a project going that I wanted to do with him. On the book, he didn't really help me, though I interviewed him for an article at the time, which I eventually used for the book.

DF: Well, gotta get my own little plug in here at the end. I'd love to see you do Blow Out, which I believe is MGM?

LB: I did call them, but not for those specific projects. I don't know necessarily what's coming out, they have their own team, so it's difficult. I would love to do Dressed to Kill which is my all-time favorite, or Blow Out. It's a good thing I'm doing Obsession with George Litto, who produced those movies as well. That would be really cool. But I don't know, we'll see.

DF: Well, I certainly hope you get to realize all of your dream projects. Guess that about wraps it up. Thanks for taking the time to sit down with me. I had a very good time.

LB: You're welcome, it was fun!

For a look at Mr. Bouzereau's work on DVD, check out discs such as The Last Picture Show, American Graffiti, The Big Chill, Psycho, Silverado, Scarface, 1941, Taxi Driver, 1941 and plenty more! Check 'em out!

Laurent Bouzereau photo courtesy of Citadel Press. Carrie image Copyright®1976 MGM. Close Encounters Of The Third Kind image Copyright ®1978 Columbia Pictures. Special thanks to Irene Dean and Jane Ayre Public Relations, as well as, of course, Mr. Laurent Bouzereau.